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14. Allusion is a reference to specific places, persons, literary characters or historical events, that, by some association, have come to stand for a certain thing or an idea. The most frequently resorted sources are mythology and the Bible. e.g. We are met here as the guests of – what shall I call them? – the Three Graces of the Dublin musical world. The main stylistic function of the device is to make the speech more vivid.

10. Pun (paranomasia, a play of words) is a figure of speech in which the role of the context is similar to that of zeugma, while the structure is changed, for the central word is repeated. e.g. – I’m going to give you some advice. – Oh! Pray don’t. One should never give a woman anything that she can’t wear in the evening. The main stylistic functions are: − to create a humorous effect; − a vehicle of the author’s thought (and not a mere decoration).
9. Zeugma is a figure of speech which consists of one main element and a number of adjuncts, thus it is based on the interaction between the free and phraseological meanings of a polysemantic word (or a pair of homonyms) without the repetition of the word itself. 18 e.g. «Have you been seeing any spirits?» – inquired the old gentleman. «Or taking any?» added Bob Allan.
1. Antonomasia – is the use of a proper name for a common one. It is based on the interaction of the logical and nominal meanings of a word. It may be metaphoric, i.e. based upon a similarity between two things. e.g. The Gioconda smile. It may be metonymic, when a name of a person stands, for instance, for the thing he has created. e.g. Where one man would treasure a single Degas, Renoir, Cezanne, he bought wholesale. To be employed as a common noun the proper name must have a fixed logical association between the name itself and the qualities of the bearer. Each case of antonomasia is a unique creation. The main function of antonomasia is to characterize the person simultaneously naming him. It is vastly used in the so – called «speaking names»: Lady Teasle. Miss Sharp


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A summary of the story “A Friend in Need”.

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4 5. The belles-lettres style Belles-lettres style is a generic term for three substyles in which the main principles and the most general properties of the style are materialized. These three sub-styles are: ' 1. The language of poetry, or simply verse. 2. Emotive p г о s e, or the language of fiction. 3. The language of the drama The function of belles-lettres style is twofold: a) to inform and communicate facts and ideas to the reader b) to affect the reader emotionally As regard to the poetry the order should be reverse. All the three sub-styles have quite a number of common features. But in spite of that each has individual characteristics as well. The element of emotion is definitely higher in poetry where the author reveals his feelings directly. Unlike poetry the number of colloquial elements will be larger in drama where the oral type of language is widely employed since the form of plays is basically that of dialogs. While observing this last ...
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9 3. Apokoinu construction is characteristic of irregular oral speech, presents a blend of two clauses into one, which is achieved at the expense of the omission of the connecting word and the double syntactical function acquired by the unit occupying the linking position between both former clauses. e.g. I am the first one saw he – is the blend of the complex sentence I am the first one who saw her. Due to its contraction to the apokoinu construction syntactical functions of the first one – predicative of the first clause and who – subject of the second one – are both attributed to the first one which becomes the syntactical centre of the newly coined sentence. The main stylistic function of that device is to emphasize the irregular, careless or uneducated character of the speech of personages.   Inversion is an independent SD in which the direct word order is changed either completely so that the predicate (predicative) precedes the subject; or partially so that the objec...
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