4.Functional stylistics
Functional
stylistics is a branch of lingua–stylistics that investigates functional
styles, that is special sublanguages or varieties of the national language such
as scientific, colloquial, business, publicist and so on.
However many types of stylistics may exist or spring into existence they
will all consider the same source material for stylistic analysis – sounds,
words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and texts. That’s why any kind of
stylistic research will be based on the level–forming branches that include:
Stylistic lexicology
Stylistic Lexicology studies the semantic structure of the word and the
interrelation (or interplay) of the connotative and denotative meanings of the
word, as well as the interrelation of the stylistic connotations of the word
and the context. Lexical stylistics – studies functions of direct and
figurative meanings, also the way contextual meaning of a word is realized in
the text. Lexical stylistics deals with various types of connotations – expressive,
evaluative, emotive; neologisms, dialectal words and their behavior in the
text. Lexicological stylistics studies the principles of the usage of words and
word combinations performing their expressive functions.
· Stylistic phonetics (or phonostylistics) is engaged in the study of
style–forming phonetic features of the text. Phonostylistics – phonetical
organization of prose and poetic texts. Here are included rhythm, rhythmical
structure, rhyme, alliteration, assonance and correlation of the sound form and
meaning. Also studies deviation in normative pronunciation. Phonostylistics
shows how separate sounds, sound combinations, stress, rhythm, intonation, etc.
can serve as expressive means. It describes the features of prose and poetry
and variants of pronunciation in different types of speech (colloquial or
oratory or recital).
· Stylistic grammar is subdivided into morphological and syntactical
· Stylistic morphology is interested in the stylistic potentials of
specific grammatical forms and categories, such as the number of the noun, or
the peculiar use of tense forms of the verb, etc.
· Stylistic syntax is one of the oldest branches of stylistic studies
that grew out of classical rhetoric.. Syntactical stylistics studies syntactic,
expressive means, word order and word combinations, different types of
sentences and types of syntactic connections. Also deals with origin of the
text, its division on the paragraphs, dialogs, direct and indirect speech, the
connection of the sentences, types of sentences. Syntactical stylistics – the
expressive values of the sentences, their structure as well as texts and speech
flow. Stylistic syntax has to do with the expressive order of words, types of
syntactic links (asyndeton – the omission of conjunctions, polysyndeton – the
use of a number of conjunctions in close succession), figures of speech
(antithesis – opposition or contrast of ideas, notions, qualities in the parts
of one sentence or in different sentences; chiasmus – inversion of the second
of two parallel phrases or clauses, etc.).
b) Stylistics of language and stylistics of speech
Their difference lies in the material studied. The stylistics of
language analyses permanent or inherent stylistic properties of language
elements while the stylistics of speech studies stylistic properties, which
appear in a context, and they are called adherent. Russian words like толмач,
штудировать, соизволять or English words prevaricate, comprehend, lass are
bookish or archaic and these are their inherent properties. The unexpected use
of any of these words in a modern context will be an adherent stylistic
property. So stylistics of language describes and classifies the inherent
stylistic colouring of language units.
Stylistics of speech studies the composition of the utterance – the
arrangement, selection and distribution of different words, and their adherent
qualities (Т.A. Znamenskaya)
THE EPITHET
The epithet is based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in
an attributive word, phrase or even sentence, used to characterize an object
and pointing out to the reader some of the properties or features of the object
with the aim of giving an individual perception and evaluationof these features
or properties.Classification of EpithetsFrom the point of view of their
compositional structure epithets may be divided into:
1) simple (adjectives, nouns, participles): e.g. He
looked at them in animal panic
2) compound: e.g.
apple - faced man;
3) sentence and
phrase epithets: e.g. It is his do - it - yourself attitude.
4) reversed epithets - composed of 2 nouns linked by an
of phrase: e.g. "a shadow of a smile";
Semantically according to I. Galperin.
1) associated with the noun following it, pointing to
a feature which is essential to the objectsthey describe: dark forest; careful
attention.
2) unassociated with the noun, epithets that add a
feature which is unexpected and which strikesthe reader: smiling sun, voiceless
sounds
Epithet is expressed by:
1) adjectives;
2) adverbs;
Adjectives and adverbs constitute the greatest
majority of epithets.
3) participles, both present and past;
4) nouns, especially often in of-phrases;
5) word-combinations;
6) whole phrases.
The last two groups of epithets help the writer in a
rather concise form to express the emotional attitude of a personage towards an
object or phenomenon. In most cases it is a direct quotation of the character's
remark. Such a usage of a quotation for an epithet stresses the subjectivity,
individuality of the character's perception. It renders the emotional attitude
of the personage.
Phrase-epithet helps not only to reveal the individual
view of the author and his characters but at the same time to do it in a rather
economical manner.
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