6
5. Hyperbole
(overstatement) It is an expression of an idea in an exceedingly
exaggerated language and is based on the interaction between the logical and
emotive meanings of a word. e.g. That was fiercely annoying. Their flat was a
fourth-floor one and there was … Oh! 15 thousand stairs. I’d cross the world to
find you a pin
3. Litotes
is a specific form of understatement, which consists in the use of a
negative for the contrary, presupposing double negation: one through the
negative particle no or not; the other through: − a word with a negative affix;
e.g. not hopeless; − a word with a negative or derogatory meaning; e.g. not a
coward;
4. Simile
– is a structure of two components joined by a fixed range of link adverbs like
as, as ... as, as though; it may also be introduced with the help of such verbs
as remind, resemble, seem etc. When a simile is employed, two objects are
compared, one of them being likened to the other.
Proper
simile e.g. ...darkness when once it fell, fell like a stone; Disguised simile
– if there is no formal indicator of simile while semantic relations of both
parts of the structure remain those of resemblance and similarity. It preserves
only one side of the stylistic device – lexical, modifying the other side –
structural. In disguised similes there are often used verbs, the lexical
meanings of which emphasize the types of semantic relations between the
elements of the u
5. Periphrasis
– is modelled with difficulty, for it is exceedingly variable. Very generally
and not quite precisely it can be defined as a phrase or sentence, substituting
a one-word denomination of an object, phenomenon, etc. Proceeding from the
semantic basis for the substitution, periphrases fall into: − logical; −
euphemistic;
Euphemistic
periphrasis stands as a substitute for a concept or thing which the author
finds too unpleasant or is too reticent to name directly. e.g. Since the
gangrene started in his right leg he had no pain and with the pain the horror
had gone... For this, that now was coming, he had very little curiosity. For
years it obsessed him; but now it meant nothing in itself. (Hemingway speaks of
death). Trite periphrasis has become part of the general lexicon, e.g. the
seven-hilled city (Rome), organs of vision (eyes), the language of Racine
(French)
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